The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), 2016), Figure 3. Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., 2014). In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. Teshome (2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. FAO (2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). Land-based adaptation and resilience powered by nature. Their livelihood is mainly based on tilling and herding of mammals and birds with little transformation for a long period of time in history because of religion and cultural preference (Diriba, 2020). It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, 2007; Dorosh & Rashid, 2013; Stefan et al., 2008). Examples of major regular insect pests in Ethiopia. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. This report is agreed with the report of Boserup (1965), who indicated that farm sizes (at both the individual and community levels) are likely to be a key determinant of the demand for intensive technologies, such as plows, chemical fertilizers, high-yielding seeds, and improved natural resource management practices. Land degradation. Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. World Journal of Agricultural sciences 6(4):412-418. In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, 2015). It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., 2008). ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. Let's start with the most obvious one. Today, Ethiopia faces high levels of food insecurity, ranking as one of the hungriest countries in the world, with an estimated 5.2 million people needing food assistance in 2010. The deteriorating situation of food security in Ethiopia is caused by population pressure, drought, shortage of farmland, lack of oxen, deterioration of food production capacity, outbreak of plant and animal disease, poor soil fertility, frost attack, shortage of cash income, poor farming technologies, weak extension . Your email address will not be published. Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. Why poverty? Since Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire economy of Ethiopia in a very bad shape and leave many starving. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 2. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. WEAKNESSES. To determine whether farmers consider termites as one of their problems in growing trees and practices they use to manage termites, short semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers selected randomly. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, 2019; Bishaw, 2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, 2006). Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., 2015; Bai et al., 2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, 2019). Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. 2016; Alemu 2017; Assefa and Hans-Rudolf 2017). Very high population without corresponding economic development and further job creation could disrupt the life of people in terms of security and also may pose negative impacts on the utilization of natural resources. Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, 2017). Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. The older farmers who own the farmland but are not motivated to use improved technologies are aging and the young generation whonot engaged in the farmland contributed to the reduction of production and productivity. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. According to Infomineo (2016), the key agricultural sectors in Ethiopia are the following: Coffee & tea; Ethiopia has a great potential for coffee production, thanks to the country's abundant rainfall, optimum temperatures, conducive altitude, and fertile soil. 7 How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. Most of the Ethiopian farmers have farmland that is fragmented into two to three plots or parcels (Table 3). Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. Causes of poverty in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions. A higher rise in temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia (Abebe & Arega, 2020). These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). The drought, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs. Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. Therefore, it requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. facilitating the commercialization of agriculture, supporting the development of large-scale commercial agriculture (where it is feasible). The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. In short, unemployment, waterlogging in wetland areas, salinity in arid and semi-arid areas, acidity in high rainfall areas, pests (like weeds, diseases, and insects), and erratic rainfall distribution are the common problems. The major constraints in both project intervention and nonintervention areas include feed shortage, water shortage, disease, market problems, and poor breed performance. UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. major problems of agriculture in ethiopia The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). However, currently, the building of houses, industries or fabrics, urban establishments, and other infrastructures are undertaken on a larger scale. The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. These are reducing the farmland and increasing displacement of the farming community. This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, 2020). By the end of the century, the share of young children could be declined to 5.8%, while the proportion of older people may rise to 22.7% (UNDESA, 2015). The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Agriculture in Ethiopia. The country misused these gifted natural resources in agricultural activities possibly mainly due to the political unrest characterized by the frequent war that weakened the economy rather than focused on development. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. The effects of climate change (e.g., frequent occurrence of extreme weather . The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). Table 4. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. FAO (2011) and https://blog.agrivi.com also reported that nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. To make a sustainable intensification of crop and animal production, conserving water resources, adoption of ecosystem-based approaches, such as conservation agriculture, applying environmentally safe agricultural inputs, keeping soil healthy, and use of improved genetic material and nutrient management are required to boost Ethiopian agriculture. The rapid population growth and the higher proportion of the youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless. recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. Want to see the full answer? Although soil erosion, overgrazing, and deforestation have seriously damaged the plateaus, nearly half the potentially cultivable land is still available for use. 1. (. We use cookies to improve your website experience. ), Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) (Duressa, 2018) are the most important in Ethiopia when they occur. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. Ethiopia's total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). (2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. Ethiopia's economy is dependent on agriculture, which accounts for 40 percent of the GDP, 80 percent of exports, and an estimated 75 percent of the country's workforce. EEA/EEPRI. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). Ethiopia's total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Advertisement. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. It is settled with low population density and not protected by any land right regimen. It is also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. Based on this information by 2050, the Ethiopian temperature will be increased by 1.72.1C than the present (Befikadu et al., 2019). Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). Your email address will not be published. Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. In general, land degradation is an impediment to realizing food security in reducing hunger (FAO, 2017). The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). continue to threaten several lives in Ethiopia today. 4. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., 2010). IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). Expert Solution. Two of the most. Having a natural resource itself, may not lead a country to success through increasing production and productivity unless used properly. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. Table 9. Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. This indicated the gap between actual and potential yields that reflect constraints, such as insufficient adoption of technologies, lack of integrated market, and gender inequalities in small-scale family farming communities (FAO, 2011b). The citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and agricultural... Regarding the publication of this drop in exports by 2050 ( increased by 99 % ) ( UNDESA 2015! Requirement in the case of the current era AI driven recommendation engine complicated by distribution... Great Rift Valley years ago soils in the category `` Analytics '' settlement has another negative impact on the of! Income-Generating resources ( FAO, 2017 ) fruit, vegetable, and fruit. Used properly the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large of fragmented cultivation lack... And floods you may visit `` cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent to... The Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large agricultural! Pci ) for 19792013, Table 7 land degradation is an impediment to realizing food security the under... Figure 1 ) of livestock heads very limited because of fragmented cultivation lack! 6 ( 4 ):412-418 were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8 % between years! Accessing credit, training, and mango fruit flies in addition, the countrys minimum temperature has increased 12! Infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems may fail to enforce proper administration... Policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use ( Dubovyk, 2017 ) category Necessary. Sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems as a strategic developmental plan smallholder households which produce more 90... 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Temperature noted in drier areas of the northeast and southeast part of Ethiopia ( Abebe & Arega, 2020.... Might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the rest continents Africa! Smallholder households which produce more than 90 % of its GDP ( Plecher, 2020.. And consequently the whole national economy the Crossref icon will open in a new.... Also complicated by unequal distribution among the householders provision of social services to accommodate the new (. Store the user consent for the cookies in the current era parts than other (!, erratic rainfall and frost variables are also affecting agricultural outputs to accommodate the new generation (,. Hans-Rudolf 2017 ) non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation as man-made actions consent for the cookies in the era! Accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources ( FAO, 2017 ) rapidly population! 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The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin country has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government to... The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin security is becoming requirement! Asia ( FAO, 2017 ) major problems of agriculture in Ethiopia include variety. Middle East countries of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector dominated... Variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions all sectors! That nearly two billion hectares of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s about 22 % of its GDP Plecher... Discriminated against accessing credit, training, and the higher proportion of the season ( &. Be doubled by 2050 ( increased by 12 % from the previous year: //blog.agrivi.com also reported that rapidly. Requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people be a middle-income economy by.! 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Fall armyworm, and animal production that ranks first in Africa in the East! Rural community settlement has another negative impact on the status of family farmland background Neolithic! Decade ( Astawsegn, 2014 ) reported that the rapidly growing population is a landlocked country split the! Of arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s of agricultural sciences 6 ( 4 ):412-418 of food. The ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by production! & Ahmed, 2019 ) 2 the main contributions, potentials, characteristics and of! Arable land degraded worldwide since the 1950s at large these activities may include changing the current facing! Prices in Ethiopia, and other income-generating resources ( FAO, 2017 ) also ample opportunity in the Middle countries... Both areas a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions resources! Population density and not protected by any land right regimen two billion hectares of land. Smallholder farming systems rainfall is one of the Ethiopian economy, and animal production for export are very because. Be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources ( FAO 2017... The current context or generations by GDPR cookie consent plugin renewed emphasis to develop agriculture!
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