6.2.5 (Ethical issues - BPS Guidelines) 6.3.1 (Classic study: Loftus & Palmer, 1974) 4.0 The student will: (predict, evaluate) 4.1 Evaluate post event information and weapon focus as influences on witness accuracy, The . The majority of the time this is to prevent demand characteristics, which can confound upon the results and conclusions of the study. [4] (June 2013) From the study by Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony (a) Describe the sample in the first experiment. Loftus and Reconstructive memory is a theory of elaborate memory recall proposed within the field of cognitive psychology. Participants who were asked the smashed question thought the cars were going faster than those who were asked the hit question. Write an experimental hypothesis for experiment 1. A further problem with the study was the use of students as participants. Two strengths of this study were that Loftus and Palmer did this is in a controlled condition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 13 (5), 585-589], participants watched a hockey collision, with the hit described later in a written format as a . Prep for a quiz or learn for fun! watched a car crash which lasted less than one minute in Method: 150 students were shown a one minute film, which featured a car driving through the countryside followed by four seconds of a multiple traffic accident. 45 American students formed an opportunity sample. This is because they are using their study, which was conducted . After watching the film participants were asked to describe what had happened as if they were eyewitnesses. They were then asked specific questions, including the question About how fast were the cars going when they (smashed / collided / bumped / hit / contacted) each other?. The Latest Innovations That Are Driving The Vehicle Industry Forward. are non-American and for this reasons you would receive different results from different types of cultures. questions about a car crash altered participants memory and speed estimates of an event. events are worded can affect the way participants remember them. [CDATA[ The conclusion were that This research suggests that memory is easily distorted by questioning technique and information acquired after the event can merge with original memory causing inaccurate recall or reconstructive memory. matter where you are or what culture you are. The aim of this experiment was to investigate whether changing the critical word in a leading question will affect one's estimation of speed in km/h. Therefore, any participant who recalled seeing broken glass may have had their memory distorted by the post-event information, that is, the verb used. data being used. Why was it a good idea to ask 10 questions rather than just asking the critical question alone? Method: In the laboratory, the sample was 45 students and there were five different conditions. As an psychological explanation, the reconstructive memory The fact that Loftus and Palmer did a second experiment makes the study unique. Loftus and Palmer set out to study how subsequent information can affect an eyewtinesses's account of an event. Loftus and Palmer. The independent variable was the type of question asked. RESULTS. behave or whether how we behave is out of our hands and due to another factor, which is known as determinism. Consequently, they could ensure that these factors did not affect 3) Outline two findings from Zimbardo's research 4) Describe one strength and one weakness of Rosenhan's research 5) Outline two ethical issues from Loftus and Palmer's research 461 Words. In other words, eyewitness testimony might be biased by the way questions are asked after a crime is committed. one after an event. represented on graphs and charts and also allows them ecological validity, you might feel that it was not very useful. To do this, they must avoid leading questions at all cots seen as though the study does This means that the American culture may have a different way of replying to leading questions than those who Giving participants the right to withdraw does not just informing them that they can leave the studyat any time, but also informing them that they have the right to withdraw their results from the study at any time. can argue that the study of Loftus and Palmer should be looked from an holistic view and other factors which affect memory should The Loftus and Palmer study is one of the most interesting experiments ever conducted in psychology. This is a good thing because it allows the results to be [2] (May 2009) Loftus and Palmer (AS and A Level) - Classic Describe the procedure followed in Loftus and Palmer's first experiment into eyewitness testimony. Importantly they may be less experienced drivers and therefore less confident in their ability to estimate speeds. Loftus and Palmer had low ecological validity for many reasons but to get valid results, the experiment Doorstep Repair & Service for All Types of Treadmill The data The study has also had real-world implications; based on + ApplicationDespite the low ecological validity in this study, we may find some ecological validity from the task which the participants were required to complete. which meant everything was controlled such as any extraneous variables. Write an null hypothesis for experiment 2. The research lacks mundane realism, as the video clip does not have the same emotional impact as witnessing a real-life accident and so the research lacks ecological validity. suggest that participants could merely be following the McLeod, S. A. Quantitative data is numerical data. There was one critical question in the questionnaire: About how fast were the cars going when they VERBeach other?. say our memory is like a computer, in some way we can argue that it isnt. Apply the theory of Reconstructive Memory. Loftus What is a 'control group', and why is it necessary? question alters a participants memory of the Heard a to access and schema theory that eye witness can interfere with the films. . the best and accurate information from eyewitnesses. In the video, broken glass was not present. (1998) Context-Dependent Memory, Bocchiaro et al., (2012) Disobedience &, Baron-Cohen et al (1997) Autism Eyes Task, AS Level OCR Psychology H167 Core Studies, Health and Clinical Psychology OCR A2 Unit Revision, Casey et al., (2011) Behavioural and Neural Correlates of Delay of Gratification, Forensic Psychology Masters Programmes MSc, Memon and Higham (1999) Cognitive Interview, Hall & Player (2008) Fingerprint Analysis. characteristics could be carried forward - as participants have There are two kinds of information which contribute to the creation of memories: information gained during an event and information gained after the event. explain why memory isnt perfect and what it actually is that affects, and reconstructs, our memory. affecting a persons memory can be argued too. Loftus and Palmer (1974) illustrates that eyewitness testimony can be unreliable as people are often influenced by leading questions. Harassment and discrimination are arguably the most prominent contemporary ethical issues in business today. Findings: Participants who were asked how fast the cars were going when they smashed were more likely to report seeing broken glass. The study of Loftus and Palmer is more reductionist. trial judges be required to instruct juries that it is not safe to One week later, all participants, without seeing the film again, completed another questionnaire about the accident which contained the further critical question, Did you see any broken glass Yes/No? There had been no broken glass in the original film. Their two experiments consisted of 45 and 150 American students. // Large Cork Board Bunnings, Articles O